Osi Model Essay -- Networks Telecommunications

UNDERSTANDING THE OSI MODEL AND THE RELATIONSHIP WITH TCP/IP The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference tool for understanding data communications between any two networked systems. It divides the communications processes into seven layers. Each layer both performs specific functions to support the layers above it and offers services to the layers below it. The three lowest layers focus on passing traffic through the network to an end system. The top four layers come into play in the end system to complete the process. This presentation will provide you with an understanding of each of the seven layers, including their functions and their relationships to each other. This will provide you with an overview of the network process, which can then act as a framework for understanding the details of computer networking. Also this paper will explain how the 802 specifications expanded the OSI reference model by dividing the data link layer into two layers. Finally, this paper will draw comparisons between the theoretical OSI model and the functional TCP/IP model. Although TCP/IP has been used for network communications before the adoption of the OSI model, it supports the same functions and features in a differently layered arrangement. The history of the development of the OSI model is, for some reason, a little-known story. Much of the work on the design of OSI was actually done by a group at Honeywell Information Systems, headed by Mike Canepa, with Charlie Bachman as the principal technical member. This group was chartered, within Honeywell, with advanced product planning and with the design and development of prototype systems. In the early and middle '70s, the interest of Canepa's group was pr... ...mputer systems communicate with one another in the world wide web or in a corporate setting. Personally, I have found that the OSI model relates to just about everything that I have done as an IT consultant. During computer migrations and configuring desktops to be networked on the corporate land, enables the workstations to communicate via the OSI model and the TCP/IP model. Having to map network drives enables users to have extra disk space other than just their hard drive to store data. When a user retrieves data from a network drive, the total process is through the seven layers of the OSI model. Configuring email accounts enables users to communicate via email transactions, a process that uses the OSI model and the TCP/IP model. References 1. Network Plus Guide to Networks (2002) 2. Ethernet Tutorial (2001) 3. Microsoft's guide to the OSI model (2004)

Challenges faced by Indian IT

1. Uncertain global economy: The Indian IT outsourcing industry gets about 75% of its revenues from US and Europe. The renewed concern regarding the European sovereign debt has led to companies slowing down their IT spending. BFSI segment has been the biggest contributor to Indian IT revenues. As shown in the figure below, the recent turmoil in Europe & US has resulted in slowing demand in BFSI segment. Source: Business Standard 2. Protectionist measures: There have been periodic threats of the US stopping all outsourcing work. Rising US rhetoric against shipping of jobs to low cost locations ahead of US presidential elections in November might result in lower market shares for Indian IT companies. The US Senate will be looking into a bill backed by the Democratic party popularly known as the ‘Bring Jobs Home Act’. If the bill is passed, tax benefits will be extended to companies that shift their work back to the US & will end tax incentives for those who send work offshore. On the other hand, Europe has quietly enforced visa restrictions making people difficult to travel onsite for work. . Tough competition from MNCs: Increasing competition from MNCs like IBM, Accenture who have set up bases in several of the IT zones earlier dominated by Indian IT firms. Also, US wages have been decreasing and are on par with Indian wages for some of the sectors. Outsourcing will be less attractive to American employers. 4. Pressure on billing rates: Discounts from key financial sector clients is pinching IT firms. On 12th July, Infosys claimed that pricing has fallen by 3. 7% in the June quarter from the previous quarter. As the growth in demand has fallen, firms are vying for the small pie by opting for price cuts. 5. Low employee utilization: Increasing bench size has been reported across various IT firms. Employee utilization has fallen down to 67% for lot of Indian companies. Companies have to reserve certain human capital so as to accommodate them in case of future demand. 6. Volatility of Indian rupee against the dollar: Depreciating rupee helps the IT industry. Increase its revenues as most of the companies earn in US dollars. However, as the companies would have already hedged against rupee appreciation in advance, the currency volatility wouldn’t affect much. Planning for the future becomes a problem. Major players in Indian IT: 1. TCS is the largest software company in Asia and was one of the pioneers of the global delivery model. Its Q1 results have been slightly better than expected with 14. 6% increase (over previous quarter) in Q1 profit at Rs 3280 crore with revenues at Rs 14869 crores. TCS has said that it is expecting to beat the forecasts of 11-14% growth in revenues set by NASSCOM for FY13. According to the CEO, TCS has been seeing strong growth from markets like North America, UK & Europe despite the gloomy economic environment. 29 new clients were added in the June quarter. Successful execution of its restructuring much before its competitors has been one of the reasons of success for TCS. Also, it is more flexible than its peers when it comes to pricing. And is more open to the client’s suggestions The fixed component is atleast 8-10% higher than that of its peers. 2. Infosys is the 2nd largest Indian IT service provider and reputed for its work ethics & world class management practices. In the past by exceeding revenue expectations, it kept investors and analysts happy. But by failing to meet expectations in 3 of the 5 recent quarters, it has lost its status as the industry bellwether. It has cut down its revenue forecasts for FY13 to 5% down from its April estimate of 8-10% growth. The company has underlined weak macroeconomic environment, falling clients’ confidence & fall in discretionary spending (spending by corporate which can be held back at discretion and are usually for long term benefits) as the reason behind its fall in revenues. Critics have blamed the poor results on the change in leadership, its inability to motivate its employees when the morale is already down because of delayed and small pay raises, premium pricing in the face of slowing economic growth and its conservatism by not using its excessive cash pile (around $3. 7 billion as of June 2012) to make acquisitions that can make it a global company. The CEO said that Infosys is looking out for opportunities in product, consulting, platform space and system integration. The company’s strategy of positioning itself as a premier global consulting & system integration major has backfired since the economy has still not recovered from the slowdown. 3. Wipro is the third biggest Indian IT firm and its revenues for the year 2011-12 stood at $5. 7 billion. It is betting on regions like Latin America, Asia Pacific and Ghana as they have been contributing almost 16-17% of the total revenues for Wipro. Wipro is also shifting its focus from telecom equipment vendors who have reduced IT spending to telecom analytics & mobile broadband where the end users are telecom operators. . HCL Technologies is the fourth largest Indian IT company. In the last 2 quarters, it has won deals worth $2. 5 dollars and Europe has contributed almost 54% to it. It is strong in total IT outsourcing which comprises of infrastructure services, application development and maintenance. While most of the other Indian IT firms are vying for high-end consulting contracts, HCL has bee n focusing on infrastructure deals. Future prospects : Inspite of the economic upheaval, Indian IT firms still feel that BFSI will bring in the maximum revenues. The optimism is based on the fact that even clients were supposed to have cut spending during the credit crisis time, Indian IT exports have grown $33 billion between 2008-09 to 2011-12. However all the IT firms have to get used to lower margins. Gone are the days when experienced 30% growth. IT firms have so far mainly relied on cost differentiation. To cope up with the various challenges, they need to start innovating. So they have to find new markets, new customers, develop products etc. For eg: Wipro has started offering to IT solutions to the petroleum industry in Ghana. Transformations are taking place as the use of cloud computing & mobile devices is slowly increasing. Infosys has added about 20 new clients in the past quarter in cloud, big data and security. With the increase in use of apps on mobiles, programs are being written for mobile. Also companies have started positioning themselves as IT consulting firms. In the near future, government of India might provide the impetus as it plans to go big on digitization. The immediate future for IT companies may not be as bright as it was in the past. But companies should reboot its systems and log on to new sites The decade of 1990 was the golden era for information Technology in India. With liberalization, privatization & globalization, Indian IT Sector took huge leaps in Information Technology. Today, with total revenues of about $88. 1 billion, Indian IT sector being one of strongest industries worldwide has grown for more than 30% for more than 20 years. Indian IT firms have moved up the value chain from low cost programming in the early years to providing premier global IT consulting services. Before the onset of recession in 2008, the IT industry flourished thanks to the exponential increase in global IT spending. During the recession, companies decreased their IT spending thereby slowing down the growth of IT industry. But this created a pent-up demand for IT. With economic recovery, companies have started spending on IT albeit with great caution. Fig : Statistics of IT & BPO in India Intense competition has impacted growth in billing rates thereby affecting revenues. For the first time in 47 quarters, Infosys missed quarter’s expectations. The major IT firms have reduced their growth expectations for the year 2012-13. The top 4 Indian IT companies grew at 17% in the 3rd quarter and at 14% in the fourth quarter as opposed to 24% in the first quarter in the last financial year and this is a cause of worry. Industry Verticals: The various verticals in IT sector are shown in the pie chart. Achievements of Indian IT sector in 2011: Increase in global sourcing industry from 51% in 2009 to 58% in 2011. * Contribution to India’s GDP has increased from 1. 2% in 1998 to 7. 5% in 2012. Demand & Supply : Due to the expansion in IT sector in terms of form, volume etc, there is a continuous demand for engineering graduates, skilled workforce etc. Being a service oriented industry, this sector is highly dependent on manpower. While there is enough of supply of gra duates, it is very important for the labour to be technically competent and possess soft skills.

My First Day at University

My first day in buic I remember my first day I had wait all the summer to enter the university. I felt excited and at the same time I was very nervous because it was my first day in the university and I didn't know any person. My first day in the university was good and give my love and pain to me. I didn't know how to find my classroom. I was lost and I had to ask one person the easy way to go to there. This person was very nice and told me the right direction. I wouldn't find my classroom I arrived to classroom late. When I walked on, I saw some people and I felt strange.I approached to one girl and asked for the classroom. It’s so lucky when I knew that we were in the same group, so I felt less nervous. I introduced myself and she also did it, her name is tip. We came in the classroom when the time to start classes began. All our classmates were quiet, nobody talked at all. The teacher arrived early. She started the class and after that we introduced ourselves. There were m any people that came from different areas of over country, they were friendly and interested. tip and I sat closely and talked very much. After that, we spent the rest of the day together until we had to go home.We felt that we have many things in common with each other. Day by day, we have been best friends at university and usually helped each other in studies and also in life. At last ,days ago It was a Saturday when I first saw her. Her brown caramel eyes made my heart skip a beat for I had never seen anything so breathtaking. Her skin was a russet color and her hair was a shady black. That first moment when we saw each other is engraved in my head. I can still hear my heart throbbing loudly in my chest as her eyes landed on me in that small room.We stared at each other as she made her way to the seat in front of me and a smile flicked on her lips to seal that moment. It took a year for me to talk to her; we became best friends but nothing more, nothing that I wanted. Her life w as mine, her thoughts were mine, she was my world and she didn't even know. Everyone said that we had something between us, she always laughed because she never notice how I shatter every time she notice someone else, but what really destroyed me was the day she broke the news that she was leaving and maybe never coming back.I am always going to remember that day because I had the opportunity to meet more people ,especially made friend with tip. Finally, I think it is natural that on the first day we feel nervous, but this always have a happy ending. that's why I believe my first day in the university was very good. My love for her is like the waves in the sea, it comes and it goes and She made me cry but she also made me laugh. But she never come back to me forever.

102 Causal Relationships Professor Ramos Blog

102 Causal Relationships The Evaluation Self-Evaluation The Evaluation Self-Evaluation Take ten minutes and fill out the evaluation sheet for your essay. Think objectively about your essay. Assign a number from 0-3 for each of the criteria and fill out the comment section. Be concise since you do not have a lot of room. You can give yourself a grade or leave it up to me. If I agree with your evaluation, you will earn extra credit points, a bump in your score. Causal Relationships As a class, we are going to clearly define the types of causal relationships: necessary sufficient precipitating proximate remote reciprocal causes contributing factors Causality: the relationship of cause and effect Once you understand these concepts, the charts you create to map cause and effect can become more complex. You should identify the types of causal relationships on your charts (you might use different types of arrows, different colors, or simply labels to show what kind of cause is being mapped). Necessary Cause: any factor that must be in place for something to occur. Sufficient Cause: is a condition that always produces the effect in question. Precipitating Cause: the proverbial straw that breaks a camel’s back. Proximate Cause: nearby and often easy to spot. Remote Cause: may act at some distance from an event but be closely tied to it. Reciprocal Cause: you have a reciprocal situation when a cause leads to an effect that, in turn, strengthens the cause. Contributing Factors: add to the causes to bring about the effect. Why is society so fascinated with serial killers? Ed Gein Documentary Quick Write Why did Ed Gein commit those murders? Charting Cause and Effect Let us chart the causes and effects of a monster. Tips Dont jump to conclusions Appreciate your limits. We dont know why so we have to follow the evidence from effect to cause. Offer sufficient evidence for claims

Surrealist Cover Design -- Interviewing Jeff Huang

Surrealist Cover Design Interviewing Jeff Huang Surrealist Cover Design Interviewing Jeff Huang â€Å"I am fascinated by the idea of the subconscious bleeding into the conscious world†Ã‚  Ã‚  At Reedsy, we like to take some pride in the people we have been able to attract. Our vision was to create a community of truly great freelance talent and make it available for authors. Every day, as more great editors, proofreaders, designers and artists are added, we are getting a little closer to making this vision a reality.Today, we have the honor of interviewing one of our very best artists. Whether it’s for Stephen King, Sara Raasch, Nintendo or himself, his work is instantly recognisable by its surrealist inspiration: a provocative play with images that blend and blur reality.â€Å"Covers don’t sell books†? You’re wrong. His covers do.Would you consider yourself a neo-surrealist? At Reedsy, we’re big fans of painters like Dali, De Chirico or even Magritte, and have immediately been drawn to your art because of that. Do you take your inspira tion from them? I don’t know if I consider myself a neo-surrealist so to speak†¦ I do consider myself a multidisciplinary artist who takes inspiration from many things. I am fascinated by the idea of the subconscious bleeding into the conscious world, so I explored that idea in some of my signature works. Dali is my favorite fine artist of all time, followed by Magritte - I just absolutely love their imagination. Jeff Huang’s imagery for Stephen King’s â€Å"The Dome†Ã‚  Ã‚  Visit Jeff Huang’s profile on Reedsy  and follow him on Twitter: @TheFifthOrderDo you think Jeff overestimates the selling power of exceptional cover design? Does the emergence of independent publishing endanger the quality of graphic art on book covers and illustrations? Leave us your thoughts, or any question for Jeff, in the comments below!Find out more  about book cover design, book layout design or illustration  on Reedsy on our design homepage.

Overview Kohler, Co Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Overview Kohler, Co - Essay Example At this point, it may be worthwhile mentioning the difference between a public company and a privately held corporation. The initial difference between the two is that a privately held company is owned by its founders or a group of private investors, but a public company is partially owned by its shareholders. From a financial standpoint, the difference between the two types of companies is that a public company can gain additional capital by selling stock to the public, but a private company does not have this option, so any capital that it needs will have to be obtained from private funding. This private funding can mean that capital for the privately held organizations will be more expensive. This initial extra cost could be a tax advantage to the private company. However, if money is needed quickly and cheaply a privately held company will find itself at a disadvantage. The manufacturer operates in a fairly competitive environment. It competes against other large corporations, su ch as American Standard, Masco and Cummings Engine. The biggest difference between Kohler and its competitors is the manner in which Kohler has chosen to diversify its operations. Kohler has diversified outside of the plumbing, engine and generator industry by investing in the furniture and luxury resort business. This type of diversification usually proves difficult for most organizations. For this reason, Kohler's competitors have managed to successfully diversify into similar or related industries. Kohler began as a family owned business and has, for the most part, retained that status today. Although the company generated approximately two million dollars in sales in the year 2000, it also remains a privately held corporation. The Kohler executive staff operates under the premise that as a privately held company, they are able to remain more competitive as less information about new products and services will not be re-produced as quickly by competitors. The fact that the organization has remained private allows for it to operate without the scrutiny that governmental regulations would create for its financial decisions or structure. Kohler's structure also consists of a charitable organization called Kohler Foundation. This foundation was created almost entirely with Kohler stock. Since Kohler Foundation is a charitable organization, by law, it is required to pledge a portion of its assets to other charitable causes. Based on Kohler's records, this charitable contribution am ounts to five percent a year (2005). The company's decision to remain private has worked to its advantage with regards to its stock price. Those few shares that have made it outside of the family circle have become so coveted that the price skyrocketed to an unrealistic range of one hundred to one hundred and thirty-five thousand dollars. This is a stock price that most public trading companies would never even dream about. However, for a company with a senior management team that wants to remain privately held and does not want to strike the interest of government officials, this is a problem that has to be addressed immediately. Not only does such stock prices cause unwanted attention to the company, but the company executives are afraid that such prices will cause the company to loose even a

American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

American History - Essay Example Reformation, which is generally considered to have begun in 1517, came about after well over a century of growing problems within the Roman Catholic Church. As early as the fourteenth century, religious and civic leaders were calling for church reform, and humanists of the early Renaissance as well and the general public were criticizing corruption in the church3. In England, ever since the late thirteenth century, there had been rivalry between the crown and the church over matters such as taxes, the judicial authority of the Roman Catholic Church, and clerical property rights. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the rise of humanism further heightened the conflict4. Certain events such as the Popish Plot in 1678, the 1679-81 Exclusion Crisis, and the 1685 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes exacerbated anti-Catholic sentiment in England. Anti-popery convinced the Carolina proprietors to to support the Protestant cause. Their aim was to recruit settlers to produce semi-tropical products whose sale would enrich England. Not wishing to weaken England by draining away its population, the proprietors under English private sponsorship encouraged a significant emigration of the Huguenots, Calvinist martyrs in Catholic absolutist France who were in search of a refuge. Economically, the 1660s and 1670s were a period of growth due to commercial expansion, but politically these years were full of instability and crises fuelled by an acute and sometimes hysterical fear of Catholicism, which was referred to as Popery. This proved to be an essential element in the making of Protestant England, serving the purpose of the â€Å"evil God† in the creation m yth. Popery was everyone’s worst nightmare, and was a catalyst for real as well as imagined menaces to the English nation. The Marian persecutions of the 1550s, the 1588 Great Armada, the 1605 Gunpowder Plot, and the Irish Rebellion of 1641 were collectively perceived as instances of how demoniac Catholic forces could